def introduce_person(name, age):
    return f"Hi! I'm {name} and I'm {age} years old."

# Calling with positional arguments
result = introduce_person("Sarah", 25)
print(result)

def calculate_rectangle_area(length, width):
    """Calculate the area of a rectangle"""
    area = length * width
    return f"A rectangle with length {length} and width {width} has area {area}"

# Different rectangles
print(calculate_rectangle_area(10, 5))
print(calculate_rectangle_area(7, 3))
print(calculate_rectangle_area(15, 8))

def create_profile(name, age, city, hobby):
    return f"{name} is {age} years old, lives in {city}, and loves {hobby}."

# Using keyword arguments - order doesn't matter!
profile1 = create_profile(age=28, name="Alex", hobby="reading", city="New York")
profile2 = create_profile(city="Paris", hobby="cooking", name="Marie", age=32)

print(profile1)
print(profile2)

def book_flight(destination, departure_date, seat_class, meal_preference):
    return f"Flight to {destination} on {departure_date}, {seat_class} class, {meal_preference} meal"

# Mixing positional and keyword arguments
flight1 = book_flight("Tokyo", "2024-07-15", seat_class="business", meal_preference="vegetarian")
flight2 = book_flight("London", departure_date="2024-08-20", seat_class="economy", meal_preference="regular")

print(flight1)
print(flight2)

def greet_customer(name, greeting="Hello", punctuation="!"):
    return f"{greeting}, {name}{punctuation}"

# Using default values
print(greet_customer("Alice"))

# Changing just the greeting
print(greet_customer("Bob", "Hi"))

# Changing both optional parameters
print(greet_customer("Charlie", "Hey", ".."))

# Using keyword arguments to skip the middle parameter
print(greet_customer("Diana", punctuation="!!!"))

def send_email(recipient, subject, message, sender="noreply@company.com", priority="normal"):
    """Send an email with default sender and priority"""
    email_info = {
        "to": recipient,
        "from": sender,
        "subject": subject,
        "message": message,
        "priority": priority
    }
    
    return f"Email sent!\\nTo: {recipient}\\nFrom: {sender}\\nSubject: {subject}\\nPriority: {priority}\\nMessage: {message}"

# Simple email with defaults
print(send_email("alice@example.com", "Meeting Tomorrow", "Don't forget our 2 PM meeting!"))
print("\\n" + "="*50 + "\\n")

# High priority email with custom sender
print(send_email(
    "bob@example.com", 
    "URGENT: Server Down", 
    "The main server is down. Please check immediately!",
    sender="admin@company.com",
    priority="high"
))

def add_numbers(*numbers):
    """Add any number of numbers together"""
    total = 0
    for num in numbers:
        total += num
    return total

# You can pass any number of arguments!
print(add_numbers(5))                    # One number
print(add_numbers(5, 10))               # Two numbers
print(add_numbers(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))      # Five numbers
print(add_numbers(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60))  # Six numbers

def examine_args(*args):
    print(f"Type of args: {type(args)}")
    print(f"Args contains: {args}")
    print(f"Number of arguments: {len(args)}")
    
    for i, arg in enumerate(args):
        print(f"  Argument {i+1}: {arg}")

examine_args("apple", "banana", "cherry")

def create_shopping_list(store_name, *items):
    """Create a shopping list for a specific store"""
    print(f"Shopping List for {store_name}:")
    print("-" * 30)
    
    if not items:
        print("No items in the list yet!")
    else:
        for i, item in enumerate(items, 1):
            print(f"{i}. {item}")

# Different shopping lists
create_shopping_list("Walmart")
print()

create_shopping_list("Target", "milk", "bread", "eggs")
print()

create_shopping_list("Whole Foods", "organic apples", "quinoa", "almond milk", "kale", "avocados")

def create_user_profile(**details):
    """Create a user profile with any details provided"""
    print("User Profile:")
    print("-" * 20)
    
    if not details:
        print("No details provided!")
    else:
        for key, value in details.items():
            print(f"{key.replace('_', ' ').title()}: {value}")

# Create different profiles with different information
create_user_profile(name="Alice", age=25, city="New York")
print()

create_user_profile(username="bob123", email="bob@email.com", favorite_color="blue", pet_name="Max")
print()

create_user_profile(first_name="Charlie", last_name="Brown", occupation="Teacher", hobbies="Reading, Swimming", phone="555-0123")

def examine_kwargs(**kwargs):
    print(f"Type of kwargs: {type(kwargs)}")
    print(f"Kwargs contains: {kwargs}")
    print(f"Number of keyword arguments: {len(kwargs)}")
    
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"  {key} = {value} (type: {type(value).__name__})")

examine_kwargs(name="Diana", age=30, is_student=True, grades=[85, 92, 78])

def configure_database(database_name, **settings):
    """Configure a database with custom settings"""
    print(f"Configuring database: {database_name}")
    print("Settings:")
    
    # Default settings
    default_settings = {
        'host': 'localhost',
        'port': 5432,
        'timeout': 30,
        'auto_commit': True
    }
    
    # Update defaults with provided settings
    default_settings.update(settings)
    
    for setting, value in default_settings.items():
        print(f"  {setting}: {value}")
    
    return default_settings

# Basic configuration with defaults
print("=== Basic Setup ===")
config1 = configure_database("user_data")
print()

# Custom configuration
print("=== Custom Setup ===")
config2 = configure_database(
    "inventory", 
    host="192.168.1.100", 
    port=3306, 
    timeout=60,
    ssl_enabled=True,
    backup_enabled=True
)

def ultimate_function(required_arg, *args, default_arg="default", **kwargs):
    """A function that demonstrates all argument types"""
    print("=== ULTIMATE FUNCTION CALL ===")
    print(f"Required argument: {required_arg}")
    
    if args:
        print(f"Extra positional arguments (*args): {args}")
    else:
        print("No extra positional arguments")
    
    print(f"Default argument: {default_arg}")
    
    if kwargs:
        print("Extra keyword arguments (**kwargs):")
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            print(f"  {key}: {value}")
    else:
        print("No extra keyword arguments")

# Test 1: Just the required argument
print("TEST 1:")
ultimate_function("I'm required!")
print()

# Test 2: Required + extra positional
print("TEST 2:")
ultimate_function("Still required", "extra1", "extra2", 42)
print()

# Test 3: All types together
print("TEST 3:")
ultimate_function(
    "Required value",           # required_arg
    "bonus1", "bonus2",         # *args
    default_arg="custom default", # keyword argument
    name="Alice",                # **kwargs
    age=25,                     # **kwargs
    city="New York"             # **kwargs
)

def advanced_function(pos_only1, pos_only2, /, normal_arg, *, kw_only1, kw_only2):
    """
    - pos_only1, pos_only2: Must be passed as positional arguments
    - normal_arg: Can be positional or keyword
    - kw_only1, kw_only2: Must be passed as keyword arguments
    """
    return f"pos_only: {pos_only1}, {pos_only2} | normal: {normal_arg} | kw_only: {kw_only1}, {kw_only2}"

# This works - correct usage
result = advanced_function("a", "b", "c", kw_only1="d", kw_only2="e")
print("✅ Correct usage:")
print(result)
print()

# This also works - normal_arg as keyword
result2 = advanced_function("a", "b", normal_arg="c", kw_only1="d", kw_only2="e")
print("✅ Also correct:")
print(result2)

# These would cause errors:
# advanced_function(pos_only1="a", pos_only2="b", "c", kw_only1="d", kw_only2="e")  # Error!
# advanced_function("a", "b", "c", "d", "e")  # Error!

def create_person(name, age, city, occupation="Student"):
    return f"{name} is a {age}-year-old {occupation} from {city}"

# Data stored in different formats
person_data_list = ["Alice", 25, "New York"]
person_data_dict = {"name": "Bob", "age": 30, "city": "London", "occupation": "Engineer"}

# Unpacking list with *
print("From list:")
print(create_person(*person_data_list))

# Unpacking dictionary with **
print("\\nFrom dictionary:")
print(create_person(**person_data_dict))

# Mixed unpacking
extra_info = {"city": "Paris", "occupation": "Artist"}
print("\\nMixed approach:")
print(create_person("Charlie", 28, **extra_info))